EDUCATION:
Doctor of Medicine:1993, University of Illinois College of Medicine
Ob/Gyn Residency:1998, Wayne State University
Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellowship:, 1998-2001: Wayne State University
PUBLICATIONS (selected):
Abstracts
Blackwell S, Hallak M, Hotra J, Kupsky W, Refuerzo J, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: Association between in utero meconium exposure and brain damage in peri-adolescent rats. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:372 (S163), 2003.
Bujold E, Chaiworapongsa T, Hammoud A, Berman S, Hendler I, Blackwell S, and Romero R: Lactate dehydrogenase in amniotic fluid: A rapid, sensitive, and widely available test for the detection of intra-amniotic inflammation. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:368 (S162), 2003.
Bujold E, Hendler I, Berman S, Blackwell S, and Gauthier R: Is a trial of labor indicated after a prior cesarean delivery for dystocia when the estimated fetal weight is greater than the prior newborn’s weight? Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:284 (S140), 2003.
Hendler I, Blackwell S, Treadwell M, Bujold E, Sokol R, Blackwell R, and Sorokin Y: Sup-optimal ultrasound visualization of the fetal heart in obese patients: Should we repeat the exam? Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:664 (S239), 2003.
Hendler I, Blackwell S, Treadwell M, Bujold E, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: Does sonographers’ experience impact the rate of sub-optimal visualization in the obese gravida? Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:666 (S239), 2003.
Hendler I, Hassan S, Bujold E, Blackwell S, Berman S, Sorokin Y, and Romero R: The risk of spontaneous preterm delivery within 14 days in asymptomatic patients with sonographic cervical length <15mm is low. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:418 (S174), 2003.
Khalek N, Blackwell S, Hendler I, Berman S, Gauthier R, and Bujold E: Obstetric outcomes in women with two prior cesarean deliveries undergoing a trial of labor. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:225 (S125), 2003.
Kmak D, Refuerzo J, Johnson A, Blackwell S, McNeeley S, Quershi F, and Jacques S: Prior cesarean delivery increases the need for dilatation and curettage during mid-trimester labor inductions. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:538 (S205), 2003.
Mehta S, Hamilton E, Bujold E, Berman S, Sokol R, and Blackwell S: Shoulder dystocia is associated with protracted active labor in nulliparous women. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:562 (S211), 2003.
Mehta S, Hamilton E, Bujold E, and Blackwell S: Maternal body mass index and fetal weight in shoulder dystocia. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:563 (S212), 2003.
Refuerzo J, Blackwell S, Sokol R, LaJeunesse L, Firchau K, Kruger M, and Sorokin Y: The use of potentially harmful over-the-counter medications in pregnancy. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:240 (S129), 2003.
Troya-Nutt M, Hendler I, Blackwell S, Treadwell M, Bujold E, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of fetal heart anomalies in the obese gravida. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 2-7, 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:665 (S239), 2003.
Mehta SH, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, and Sokol RJ: What factors are associated with shoulder dystocia in parous women? Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation; March 22-27, 2004; Houston, Texas. J Soc Gynecol Investig 11:411 (211A), 2004.
Mehta SH, Bujold E and Blackwell SC: Association between precipitous second stage of labor and neonatal injury following shoulder dystocia. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation; March 22-27, 2004; Houston, Texas. J Soc Gynecol Investig 11:412 (211A), 2004.
Hendler I, Blackwell S, Treadwell M, Bujold E, Blackwell R, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: Does sonographers’ experience impact the rate of sub-optimal visualization in the obese gravida? Oral presentation at the Annual meeting of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; June 20-22, 2004; Phoenix, Arizona.
Hendler I, Blackwell S, Bujold E, Treadwell M, Sokol RJ, Blackwell R, and Sorokin Y: Sub-optimal ultrasound visualization of the fetal heart in obese patients: Should we repeat the exam? Oral presentation at the Annual meeting of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; June 20-22, 2004; Phoenix, Arizona.
Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, Treadwell MC, Sokol RJ, and Sorokin Y: Does advanced ultrasound apparatus improve the adequacy of ultrasound visualization for the obese gravida? Oral presentation at the Annual meeting of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; June 20-22, 2004; Phoenix, Arizona.
Bujold E, Chaiworapongsa T, Hammoud A, Berman S, Hendler I, Blackwell SC, and Romero R: Lactate dehydrogenase in amniotic fluid: A rapid, sensitive, and widely available test for the detection of intra-amniotic inflammation. 60th Annual Clinical Meeting of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada; June 25-29, 2004; Edmonton, Canada.
Hammoud A, Blackwell S, Hendrix S, Kmak D, Diamond MP, and McNeeley SG: Single dose methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy in an urban population: Difficult follow up and low success rate. Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine; October 16-20, 2004; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Kudish B, Blackwell S, McNeeley S, and Sokol R: Factors associated with severe perineal lacerations in nulliparous women. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-12, 2005; Reno, Nevada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:234 (S73), 2004.
Louis J, Blackwell S, Allen D, Gonik B, Refuerzo J, and Jones T: Maternal characteristics associated with a viral load less 1000 Copies/ML at delivery in HIV seropositive pregnant women. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-12, 2005; Reno, Nevada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:191 (S61), 2004.
Mittal P, Hendler I, Blackwell S, Blackwell R, and Treadwell M: Technical factors affecting the detection of echogenic intracardiac foci. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-12, 2005; Reno, Nevada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:647 (S181), 2004.
Mittal P, Blackwell SC, Hendler I, Treadwell MC, Blackwell R, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: Does obesity predispose towards antenatal diagnosis of specific cardiac anomalies? Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:616 (S173), 2004. Moldenhauer J, Hendler I, Blackwell S, Blackwell R, Hassan S, and Johnson A: TRAP Sequence: Experiences with interventions. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-12, 2005; Reno, Nevada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:582 (S165), 2004.
Richani K, Espinoza J, Nien J K, Chaiworapongsa T, Refuerzo J, Blackwell S, Mazor M, and Romero R: Unexplained intrauterine fetal death is activation of complement. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-12, 2005; Reno, Nevada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:568 (S161), 2004.
Mehta S, Blackwell S, Bujold E, Mittal P, Kraemer T, and Sokol R: Soft tissue mass in shoulder dystocia neonates. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-12, 2005; Reno, Nevada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:276 (S84), 2004.
Mehta S, Hamilton E F, Bujold E, and Blackwell S: First stage of labor in multiparous women with shoulder dystocia. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-12, 2005; Reno, Nevada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191: 275 (S84), 2004.
Hassan S, Romero R, Sorokin S, Nikita L, Russell E, Blackwell SC, Whitty, and Hallak M: The anti-angiogenic factor soluble VEGF receptor-1(SFLT-1) is not present in the cerebral spinal fluid of women with preeclampsia. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation; March 23-26, 2005; Los Angeles, California.
Mehta S, Blackwell S, Sorokin Y, Bujold E, and Sokol R: Is fetal growth potential increased in pregnancies complicated by shoulder dystocia and brachial plexus impairment? Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation; March 23-26, 2005; Los Angeles, California.
Hendler I, Khalek N, Blackwell S, Bujold E, Refuerzo J, Kmak D, and Hassan S: Risk assessment of immediate delivery in asymptomatic high risk patients with a cervical length of 0 mm. Oral presentation at the Annual Convention of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; June 19-22, 2005; Orlando, Florida.
Hendler I, Blackwell S, Khalek N, Bujold E, Whitty J, Kmak D, and Hassan S: The utility of fetal fibronectin in asymptomatic patients with cervical length ≤15 mm. Oral presentation at the Annual Convention of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; June 19-22, 2005; Orlando, Florida.
Mittal P, Hendler I, Blackwell S, Blackwell R, and Treadwell M: Technical factors affecting the detection of echogenic intracardiac foci. Oral presentation at the Annual Convention of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; June 19-22, 2005; Orlando, Florida.
Mittal P, Blackwell SC, Hendler I, Treadwell MC, Blackwell R, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: Does obesity predispose towards antenatal diagnosis of specific cardiac anomalies? Oral presentation at the Annual Convention of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; June 19-22, 2005; Orlando, Florida.
Hammoud A, Asaad R, Berman J, Treadwell M, Blackwell S, and Diamond MP: Effect of pregnancy on uterine myomas. Oral presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists; November 2005; Chicago, Illinois.
Blackwell SC, Refuerzo J, Sokol, R, Hassan S, and Sorokin Y: Maternal race and the gestational age-specific risk for stillbirth. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 4, 2006; Miami, Florida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:621 (S176), 2005.
Blackwell SC, Refuerzo J, Hendler I, Hassan S, Khalek N, Hassan S, and Sorokin Y: Adverse perinatal outcomes in subsequent pregnancies in women with prior stillbirth. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 4, 2006; Miami, Florida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:350 (S106), 2005.
Shammaa A, Refuerzo J, Blackwell SC, and Sorokin Y: Maternal outcomes of pregnant women with asthma exacerbation requiring intensive management in a critical care setting. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 4, 2006; Miami, Florida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:280 (S87), 2005.
Kudish B, Blackwell SC, McNeeley G, Bujold E, Kruger M, Hendrix S, and Sokol R: Should we renounce forceps and episiotomy to protect the nulliparous perineum? Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 4, 2006; Miami, Florida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:428 (S126), 2005.
Duncan J, Refuerzo J, Camacho N, Nichanametla J, Blackwell SC, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: The effect of glyburide on pregnancy outcomes in morbidly obese women with gestational diabetes. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 4, 2006; Miami, Florida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:289 (S90), 2005.
D’Souza C, Refuerzo J, Camacho N, Duncan J, Nichanametla J, Blackwell SC, and Sorokin Y: Perinatal outcomes of women with DKA during pregnancy. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 4, 2006; Miami, Florida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:288 (S89), 2005.
Mehta S, Blackwell SC, Chadha R, and Sokol R: Mode of delivery following shoulder dystocia and its recurrence rate. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 4, 2006; Miami, Florida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:117 (S45), 2005.
Blackwell SC for the NICHD MFMU Network: Relationship between consistency of meconium-stained amniotic fluid and intrapartum fetal oxygen saturation in the first stage of labor. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; February 7-10, 2007; San Francisco, California. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006.
Blackwell SC, Refuerzo J, Sorokin Y, and Berry SM: Impact of amniocentesis on the natural history of preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; January 30-February 2, 2008; Dallas, Texas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197:684 (S196), 2007.
Refereed Original Articles in Journals (selected)
Bujold E, Blackwell SC and Gauthier RJ: Cervical ripening with transcervical foley catheter and the risk of uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol 103:18-23, 2004.
Bedoyan JK, Blackwell SC, Treadwell MC, Johnson A, and Klein MA: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Associated anomalies and antenatal diagnosis: Outcome-related variables at two Detroit hospitals. Pediatr Surg Int 20:170-6, 2004.
Blackwell SC, Hallak M, Hotra J, Refuerzo J, Hassan S, Sokol R, and Sorokin Y: Timing of fetal nucleated red blood cell count elevation in response to acute hypoxia. Biol Neonate 85:217-20, 2004. Ob/Gyn Surv 60:89-91, 2005.
Bujold E, Hammoud AO, Hendler I, Berman S, Blackwell SC, Duperron L, and Gauthier RJ: Trial of labor in patients with a previous cesarean section: Does maternal age influence the outcome? Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1113-8, 2004.
Mehta S, Bujold E, Blackwell SC, Sorokin Y, and Sokol RJ: Is abnormal labor associated with shoulder dystocia in nulliparous women? Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1604-9, 2004.
Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Treadwell MC, Bujold E, Sokol RJ, and Sorokin Y: Does advanced ultrasound equipment improve the adequacy of ultrasound visualization of fetal cardiac structures in the obese gravid woman? Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1616-20, 2004.
Blackwell SC, Hallak M, Hotra JW, Refuerzo RS, Sokol RJ, and Sorokin Y: Prolonged in utero meconium exposure impairs spatial learning in the adult rat. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1551-5; discussion 1555-6, 2004.
Bujold E, Blackwell SC, Hendler I, Berman S, Sorokin Y, and Gauthier R: Modified Bishop’s score and inductions of labor in patients with a previous ces
Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, Treadwell MC, Wolfe HM, Sokol RJ, and Sorokin Y: The impact of maternal obesity on mid-trimester sonographic visualization of fetal cardiac and craniospinal structures. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28:1607-11, 2004.
Refuerzo J, Blackwell SC, Sokol R J, Lajeunesse L, Fichus K, Kruger M, and Sorokin Y: Use of over-the-counter medications and herbal remedies in pregnancy. Am J Perinat 22(6):321-4, 2005.
Mehta S, Blackwell SC, Hendler I, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Ager J, Kraemer T, and Sokol RJ: Accuracy of estimated fetal weight in shoulder dystocia and neonatal birth injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1877-80, 2005.
Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, Treadwell MC, Mittal P, Sokol RJ, and Sorokin Y: Suboptimal second-trimester ultrasonographic visualization of the fetal heart in obese women: Should we repeat the examination? J Ultrasound Med 24:1205-9, quiz 1210-1, 2005.
Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Mehta SH, Whitty JE, Russell E, Sorokin Y, and Cotton DB: The levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in normal weight, overweight, and obese pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:979-83, 2005.
Louis JM, Buhari MA, Blackwell SC, Refuerzo J, Allen D, Gonik B, and Jones TB: Characteristics associated with suboptimal viral suppression at delivery in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1266-9, 2005.
Richani K, Romero R, Soto E, Espinoza J, Nien JK, Chaiworapongsa T, Refuerzo J, Blackwell S, Edwin SS, Santolaya-Forgas J, and Mazor M: Unexplained intrauterine fetal death is accompanied by activation of complement. J Perinat Med 33:296-305, 2005.
Fraser WD, Hofmeyr J, Lede R, Faron G, Alexander S, Goffinet F, Ohlsson A, Goulet C, Turcot-Lemay L, Prendiville W, Marcoux S, Laperriere L, Roy C, Petrou S, Xu HR, Wei B (Amnioinfusion Trial Group): Amnioinfusion for the prevention of the meconium aspiration syndrome. N Engl J Med 353:909-17, 2005.
Mehta SH, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, and Sokol RJ: What factors are associated with neonatal injury following shoulder dystocia? J Perinatol 26:85-8, 2006.
Kudish B, Blackwell SC, McNeeley G, Bujold E, Kruger M, Hendrix S, and Sokol R: Operative vaginal delivery and midline episiotomy: A bad combination for the perineum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:749-54, 2006.
Hammoud AO, Asaad R, Berman J, Treadwell MC, Blackwell S, and Diamond M: Volume change of uterine myomas during pregnancy: Do myomas really grow? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 13:386-90, 2006.
Mehta SH, Blackwell SC, Chadha R, Sokol RJ. Shoulder dystocia and the next delivery: outcomes and management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;20:729-33.
Chapters and Invited Reviews
Blackwell SC and Berry SM: Role of amniocentesis for the diagnosis of subclinical intra amniotic infection in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 11:541-7, 1999.
Blackwell SC and Sokol RJ: Response to “Obstetrical options for myomectomy patients with and without cavity entrance”. International Correspondence Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Collected Letters. Vol 41:6-7, 2000.
Ghezzi F, Romero R, Maymon E, Redman M, Blackwell S, and Berry S: Fetal blood sampling. Sonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Principles and Practice –6th Edition. AC Fleischer, FA Manning, P Jeanty, R Romero – editors; McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, New York; 2001, pp 775-804.
Blackwell SC and Sorokin Y: Antenatal magnesium sulfate exposure and the risk of cerebral palsy in preterm neonates: An update. Contemporary Therapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology. SB Ransom, MP Dombrowski, MI Evans, KA Ginsburg – editors; W.B. Saunders; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 2002, pp 111-4.
Sokol RJ and Blackwell SC: Shoulder dystocia. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin No. 40. Obstet Gynecol 100:1045-50, 2002.
Sorokin Y and Blackwell SC: Fetal distress and intrapartum monitoring. Fetal Echocardiography. S Yagel, Simcha, N Silverman, U Gembruch – editors; Martin Dunitz; London; 2003, pp 553-60.
Sokol RJ and Blackwell SC: Abnormal labor: Diagnosis and management. Gynecology and Obstetrics Loose-leaf. Vol. 2, Chap. 73. JJ Sciarra – editor; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia; 2003, pp 1-15.
Blackwell SC and Sokol RJ: Towards a perinatal electronic medical record for obstetrics. Gynecology and Obstetrics Loose-leaf. Vol. 3, Chap. 2. JJ Sciarra – editor; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia; 2003, pp 1-5.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Update. Shoulder Dystocia. Editor-in-Chief, Sokol RJ. Moderator: Blackwell SC. Discussants: Berry SM and Gonik B. Vol 24, June 2004.
Blackwell SC: Pregnancy complicated by disease. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Beers MH and Berlkow R – editors; John Wiley & Sons; 18th Edition.
Certification:
American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology Maternal-Fetal Medicine Subspecialty certification,
Fellow, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Clinical & Research Interests:
Fetal brain injury, stillbirth, shoulder dystocia,
intrauterine infection, informatics, clinical trials
fetal diagnosis and therapy, CVS, fetal blood sampling,
fetal anemia, medical complications, thrombophilia

